Fluid injector system volume compensation system and method

ABSTRACT

A system and method for correcting a volume of fluid delivered by a fluid injector during an injection procedure is described. The method included determining and compensating for a volume factor associated with compliance of the fluid injector system and correcting for the volume by one of over-driving the distance that the drive member travels in a fluid reservoir, under-driving the distance that the drive member travels in the fluid reservoir, or lengthening or shortening a fluid delivery time.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/621,164, filed 10 Dec. 2019, which is a U.S. national phaseapplication under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Application No.PCT/US2018/048294, filed 28 Aug. 2018 and claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/552,430, titled “Fluid Injector SystemVolume Compensation System and Method” and filed on 31 Aug. 2017, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates generally to a system and method forcalibrating a fluid injector, such as a medical fluid injector, and,further, to a system and method for compensating for over-delivery orunder-delivery of fluid during an injection procedure.

Description of Related Art

In many medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, a medicalpractitioner, such as a physician, injects a patient with one or moremedical fluids. In recent years, a number of fluid delivery systemshaving injector-actuated syringes and fluid injectors for pressurizedinjection of fluids, such as a contrast solution (often referred tosimply as “contrast”), a flushing agent, such as saline, and othermedical fluids have been developed for use in procedures such asangiography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and other imagingprocedures. In general, these fluid delivery systems are designed todeliver a preset amount of fluid at a desired flow rate.

An actual flow rate (or delivered volume) of fluid that is delivered tothe patient is targeted to be as close as possible to the desired flowrate (or desired volume). However, the actual performance of the fluiddelivery system is a function of many factors due to overall impedance,compliance, and capacitance of the fluid delivery system. In certaindelivery procedures, impedance, compliance, and capacitance of the fluiddelivery system may cause a fluid flow over-rate or under-rate (orvolume over- or under-delivery) from a desired flow rate (or desiredvolume).

As a result, existing approaches fail to address the under-delivery orover-delivery of fluid resulting from system impedance, compliance,and/or capacitance. As a result, less than optimal injection boluses mayresult and/or operation of the fluid delivery system can result inrelatively large amounts of wasted fluid, and/or under-delivery of fluidto a patient.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved calibration of thefluid injector to better ensure that a desired volume of fluid isdelivered to a patient at a desired flow rate. There is a further needfor improved systems and methods for calibrating a fluid injector, aswell as systems and methods for characterizing the performance of afluid delivery system and correlating the desired performance withactual performance in terms of fluid flow rate and volume delivered.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In some examples of the present disclosure, an improved system andmethod for calibrating the volume of fluid to be delivered to a patientin an injection procedure is disclosed. In examples according to thepresent disclosure, a method of correcting for inaccuracies in a volumeof fluid delivered to a patient due to impedance, compliance, and/orcapacitance is disclosed. This system and method address sources oferror in delivered fluid volume. In certain embodiments, the presentsystem and methods may be applied to fluid injectors comprisingstopcocks or other shut off features to isolate a pressurized fluidfilled syringe from a patient during an injection protocol.

In examples according to the present disclosure, a system and method arepresented that allows for sources of error due to impedance, compliance,and/or capacitance in the injector system (such as in injectorcomponents, disposable components, syringes, etc.) and predicts theover-delivered or under-delivered volume based thereon.

According to a first embodiment, the present disclosure provides methodsfor correcting a volume of fluid delivered by a fluid injector systemduring an injection procedure using one or more fluid reservoir. Themethod may comprise determining a fluid volume of a first fluid in atleast one fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system; determining apressure at which a first programmed volume of the first fluid is to beinjected; determining a system volume compliance according to Equation(1) for at least one of the at least one fluid reservoir, one or morefluid injector mechanical components associate with the at least onefluid reservoir, and one or more tubing system components;

C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1)

predicting a volume compliance factor of fluid in the at least one fluidreservoir according to Equation (2),

VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (2)

and compensating for the volume compliance factor to deliver aprogrammed fluid volume by one of over-driving a distance that the drivemember travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-driving thedistance that the drive member travels in the at least one fluidreservoir, increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the at least onefluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the fluid in the atleast one fluid reservoir. Referring to Equation (1), C₁ is the systemvolume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir, A₁ is a positionscalar of the at least one fluid reservoir, V₁ is available volume ofthe at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is a pressure constant of the atleast one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressure of fluid within the at leastone fluid reservoir, and O₁ is the compensation factor of the at leastone fluid reservoir. Referring to Equation (2), VC₁ is the volumecompliance factor of the fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir, PV₁is the programmed volume of the first fluid, and C₁ is the system volumecompliance of the at least one fluid reservoir.

According to specific embodiments, the system compliance volume ofEquation (1) is determined according to Equation (3) as follows:

z ⁻¹ =c·y ^(0.5) +b/x ^(0.5) +a   (3)

where z is the system volume compliance (C), c is the position scalar(A), y is the available volume in the at least one fluid reservoir (V₁),b is the pressure constant (B), x is the pressure of the fluid with theat least one fluid reservoir (P₁), and a is the compensation factor (O).In specific embodiments, a has a value ranging from 0.112 to 0.115, bhas a value ranging from 10.35 to 10.45, and c has a value ranging from−0.01465 to −0.01495. In a specific embodiment, c=−0.014863432,b=10.39086, and a=0.11422056.

In examples according to the present disclosure, the method disclosedmay be stored on memory, controlled by a processor, and carried outautomatically whenever an injection protocol is initiated. According toother examples, this method may be carried out at the prompting of auser.

According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a fluiddelivery system capable of carrying out any of the various methodsdescribed herein. In certain embodiments, the fluid delivery systemcomprises a fluid injector; at least one first fluid reservoirconfigured to contain a first fluid; at least one first drive memberconfigured to drive fluid from the at least one first fluid reservoir;and a controller in operable communication with the at least one firstdrive member.

The controller in various embodiments comprises computer readable memorycontaining instructions that, when executed by the controller, causesthe controller to: determine a fluid volume of a first fluid in at leastone fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system; determine a pressureat which a first programmed volume of the first fluid is to be injected;determine a system volume compliance according to Equation (1) for atleast one of the at least one fluid reservoir, one or more fluidinjector mechanical components associate with the at least one fluidreservoir, and one or more tubing system components:

C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1)

where C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir, A₁ is a position scalar of the at least one fluid reservoir,V₁ is available volume of the at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is apressure constant of the at least one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressureof fluid within the at least one fluid reservoir, and O₁ is thecompensation factor of the at least one fluid reservoir; predict avolume compliance factor of fluid in the at least one fluid reservoiraccording to Equation (2):

VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (2)

where VC₁ is the volume compliance factor of the fluid in the at leastone fluid reservoir, PV₁ is the programmed volume of the first fluid,and C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir; and compensate for the volume compliance factor to deliver aprogrammed fluid volume by one of over-driving a distance that a drivemember travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-driving adistance that the drive member travels in the at least one fluidreservoir, increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the at least onefluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the fluid in the atleast one fluid reservoir.

According to the present disclosure, a capacitance check may beperformed at various times during the filling or expelling fluid fromthe syringe or syringes. A capacitance check or measurement may beconducted in real time, and for each injection, or at selected timesduring an injection to ensure accurate fluid volume delivery during aninjection protocol.

Examples of the system and method according to the present disclosuremay be used to determine the volume of fluid trapped in an injectorsystem with active control after a stopcock is closed.

It is to be understood that the volume inaccuracy discussed herein—i.e.,the under-delivery of fluid due to impendence, compliance, orcapacitance characteristics of the fluid injector and/or medicalfluid—is a condition generally associated with “closed” systems, orsystems with active control, such as those discussed with respect toFIG. 5 . Thus, the correction discussed herein, an example of which isdiscussed in connection to at FIGS. 9 and 10A-10D, is particularlyapplicable to such injector systems.

Various aspects of the system and method for injector positioncalibration of the fluid injector are disclosed in one or more of thefollowing numbered clauses:

Clause 1. A method for correcting a volume of fluid delivered by a fluidinjector system during an injection procedure using one or more fluidreservoir, the method comprising: determining a fluid volume of a firstfluid in at least one fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system;determining a pressure at which a first programmed volume of the firstfluid is to be injected; determining a system volume complianceaccording to Equation (1) for at least one of the at least one fluidreservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical components associatewith the at least one fluid reservoir, and one or more tubing systemcomponents:

C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1)

where C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir, A₁ is a position scalar of the at least one fluid reservoir,V₁ is available volume of the at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is apressure constant of the at least one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressureof fluid within the at least one fluid reservoir, and O₁ is thecompensation factor of the at least one fluid reservoir; predicting avolume compliance factor of fluid in the at least one fluid reservoiraccording to Equation (2)

VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (2)

where VC₁ is the volume compliance factor of the fluid in the at leastone fluid reservoir, PV₁ is the programmed volume of the first fluid,and C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir; and compensating for the volume compliance factor to delivera programmed fluid volume by one of over-driving the distance that thedrive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-drivingthe distance that the drive member travels in the at least one fluidreservoir, increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the at least onefluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the fluid in the atleast one fluid reservoir.

Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the at least one fluidreservoir comprises at least one first fluid reservoir containing thefirst fluid and at least one second fluid reservoir containing a secondfluid, wherein the method further comprises: determining a fluid volumeof the second fluid in at least one second fluid reservoir of the fluidinjector system; determining a second pressure at which a programmedvolume of the second fluid is to be injected; determining a systemvolume compliance according to Equation (1) for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical componentsassociated with the second reservoir, and one or more tubing systemcomponents:

C ₂ =A ₂ ·V ₂ +B ₂ ·P ₂ +O ₂   (1)

where C₂ is the system volume compliance for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, A₂ is a position scalar for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, V₂ is available volume for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, B₂ is a pressure constant for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, P₂ is a pressure of fluid within the at least onesecond fluid reservoir, and O₂ is the compensation factor for the atleast one second fluid reservoir; predicting a volume compliance factorof fluid in the at least one second reservoir according to Equation (2)

VC ₂ =PV ₂ +C ₂   (2)

where VC₂ is the volume compliance factor of the at least one secondfluid reservoir, PV₂ is the programmed volume the at least one secondfluid reservoir, and C₂ is the system volume compliance the at least onesecond fluid reservoir; and compensating for the volume compliancefactor the at least one second fluid reservoir to deliver a programmedfluid volume of the second fluid by one of over-driving the distancethat the drive member travels in the at least one second fluidreservoir, under-driving the distance that the drive member travels inthe at least one second fluid reservoir, increasing a delivery time ofthe fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir, and decreasing thedelivery time of the fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir.

Clause 3. The method of clause 1 or 2, wherein the at least one fluidreservoir comprises at least one first fluid reservoir containing thefirst fluid, the at least one second fluid reservoir containing thesecond fluid and at least one third fluid reservoir containing a thirdfluid.

Clause 4. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 3, further comprisingthe step of determining whether the at least one fluid reservoircontains at least a volume of fluid corresponding to the programmedvolume plus an amount of fluid equal to the system volume complianceaccording to Equation (1).

Clause 5. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the at leastone fluid reservoir, the at least one second fluid reservoir, and the atleast one third fluid reservoir are independently selected from thegroup consisting of a syringe, a rolling diaphragm syringe, aperistaltic pump, and a compressible bag.

Clause 6. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein at least oneof the at least one fluid reservoir, the at least one second fluidreservoir, and the at least one third fluid reservoir is a syringe.

Clause 7. The method of clause 6, wherein the syringe comprises aplunger operatively connected to a drive member selected from a linearactuated piston and a motor driven piston.

Clause 8. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein at least oneof the at least one fluid reservoir, the at least one second fluidreservoir, and the at least one third fluid reservoir is a rollingdiaphragm syringe.

Clause 9. The method of clause 8, wherein a proximal end of the rollingdiaphragm syringe is operatively connected to a drive member selectedfrom a linear actuated piston and a motor driven piston.

Clause 10. The method of any one of clauses 6 to 9, the systemcompliance volume of Equation (1) is determined according to Equation(3) as follows:

z ⁻¹ =c·y ^(0.5) +b/x ^(0.5) +a   (3)

where z is the system volume compliance (C), c is the position scalar(A), y is the available volume in the at least one fluid reservoir (V₁),b is the pressure constant (B), x is the pressure of the fluid with theat least one fluid reservoir (P₁), and a is the compensation factor (O).

Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein a has a value ranging from0.112 to 0.115, b has a value ranging from 10.35 to 10.45, and c has avalue ranging from −0.01465 to −0.01495.

Clause 12. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 11, whereincompensating for the volume compliance factor the at least one fluidreservoir comprises: over-driving the distance that the drive membertravels in the at least one fluid reservoir; and injecting an additionvolume of the first fluid equal to the volume compliance factor.

Clause 13. The method of clause 12, further comprising closing a valveto fluidly isolate the at least one fluid reservoir from the patientafter injecting the additional volume of the first fluid.

Clause 14. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 11, whereincompensating for the volume compliance factor of the at least one fluidreservoir comprises increasing a delivery time of the first fluid in theat least one fluid reservoir.

Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein increasing the delivery timeof the first fluid comprises increasing the delivery time by an amountsufficient to deliver an additional volume of the first fluid equal tothe volume compliance factor.

Clause 16. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 15, further comprisingreporting to a user a value corresponding to corrected volume of a fluidbeing delivered to the patient from the at least one fluid reservoir,wherein the corrected volume accounts for the programmed volume and thesystem volume compliance.

Clause 17. A fluid delivery system comprising: a fluid injector; atleast one first fluid reservoir configured to contain a first fluid; atleast one first drive member configured to drive fluid from the at leastone first fluid reservoir; and a controller in operable communicationwith the at least one first drive member, wherein the controllercomprises computer readable memory containing instructions that, whenexecuted by the controller, causes the controller to: determine a fluidvolume of a first fluid in at least one fluid reservoir of the fluidinjector system; determine a pressure at which a first programmed volumeof the first fluid is to be injected; determine a system volumecompliance according to Equation (1) for at least one of the at leastone fluid reservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical componentsassociate with the at least one fluid reservoir, and one or more tubingsystem components:

C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1)

where C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir, A₁ is a position scalar of the at least one fluid reservoir,V₁ is available volume of the at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is apressure constant of the at least one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressureof fluid within the at least one fluid reservoir, and O₁ is thecompensation factor of the at least one fluid reservoir; predict avolume compliance factor of fluid in the at least one fluid reservoiraccording to Equation (2):

VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (2)

where VC₁ is the volume compliance factor of the fluid in the at leastone fluid reservoir, PV₁ is the programmed volume of the first fluid,and C₁ is the system volume compliance of the at least one fluidreservoir; and compensate for the volume compliance factor to deliver aprogrammed fluid volume by one of over-driving a distance that the drivemember travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-driving adistance that the drive member travels in the at least one fluidreservoir, increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the at least onefluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the fluid in the atleast one fluid reservoir.

Clause 18. The fluid delivery system according to clause 17, wherein thecontroller is configured to determine the system compliance volume ofEquation (1) according to Equation (3) as follows:

z ⁻¹ =c·y ^(0.5) +b/x ^(0.5) +a   (3)

where z is the system volume compliance (C), c is the position scalar(A), y is the available volume in the at least one fluid reservoir (V₁),b is the pressure constant (B), x is the pressure of the fluid with theat least one fluid reservoir (P₁), and a is the compensation factor (O).

Clause 19. The fluid delivery system of clause 18, wherein a has a valueranging from 0.112 to 0.115, b has a value ranging from 10.35 to 10.45,and c has a value ranging from −0.01465 to −0.01495.

Clause 20. The fluid delivery system of any one of clauses 17 to 19,wherein the computer readable memory containing further instructionsthat, when executed by the controller, causes the controller tocompensate for the volume compliance factor; causes the controller to:over-drive the distance that the drive member travels in the at leastone fluid reservoir; and inject an addition volume of the first fluidequal to the volume compliance factor.

Clause 21. The fluid delivery system of any one of clauses 17 to 19,wherein the computer readable memory containing further instructionsthat, when executed by the controller, causes the controller tocompensate for the volume compliance factor; causes the controller to:increase the delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one fluidreservoir by an amount sufficient to deliver an additional volume of thefirst fluid equal to the volume compliance factor.

These and other features and characteristics of a system and method forcorrection of errors in fluid delivery of a fluid injector, as well asthe methods of operation and functions of the related elements ofstructures and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture,will become more apparent upon consideration of the followingdescription and the appended claims with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein likereference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures.It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for thepurpose of illustration and description only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a fluid delivery system according to anexample of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a syringe configured for usewith the fluid delivery system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a fluid delivery system according toanother example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a syringe configured for usewith the fluid delivery system of FIG. 3 ;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a fluid delivery system according toanother example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of a multi-use disposable systemconfigured for use with the fluid delivery system of FIG. 5 ;

FIG. 7A is a graphical representation for change in the internaldiameter of one embodiment of a fluid reservoir as a function ofinternal fluid pressure;

FIG. 7B is a graphical representation of the expected flow profilecompared to the actual profile for a fluid injection undergoingcompliance volume expansion;

FIG. 8A is a graph showing percentage of fluid delivery from a 200milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control;

FIG. 8B is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a125 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control;

FIG. 8C is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a75 milliliter volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control;

FIG. 8D is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a10 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing undelivered volume of fluid associated withcompliance in an injection system according to the present disclosure asa function of remaining injection volume and pressure;

FIG. 10A is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a160 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control and applying acorrection according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 10B is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a125 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control and applying acorrection according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 10C is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a75 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control and applying acorrection according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 10D is a graph showing percentage of desired fluid delivered from a10 milliliter (mL) volume as a function of pressure for an exemplarysingle-container injector system having active control and applying acorrection according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart providing steps of a method according to thepresent disclosure; and

FIG. 12 is a flow chart providing steps of a method of volumecompensation during an injection protocol according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used in the specification and the claims, the singular form of “a”,“an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper”, “lower”,“right”, “left”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “top”, “bottom”, “lateral”,“longitudinal”, and derivatives thereof shall relate to the disclosureas it is oriented in the drawing figures.

Spatial or directional terms, such as “left”, “right”, “inner”, “outer”,“above”, “below”, and the like, are not to be considered as limiting asthe invention can assume various alternative orientations.

All numbers used in the specification and claims are to be understood asbeing modified in all instances by the term “about”. The term “about”means a range of plus or minus ten percent of the stated value.

Unless otherwise indicated, all ranges or ratios disclosed herein are tobe understood to encompass any and all subranges or sub-ratios subsumedtherein. For example, a stated range or ratio of “1 to 10” should beconsidered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of)the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, allsubranges or sub-ratios beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more andending with a maximum value of 10 or less, such as but not limited to, 1to 6.1, 3.5 to 7.8, and 5.5 to 10.

The term “at least” means “greater than or equal to”.

The term “includes” is synonymous with “comprises”.

When used in relation to a syringe and/or a plunger, the term “proximal”refers to a portion of a syringe and/or a plunger nearest a fluidinjector when a syringe and/or a plunger is oriented for connecting to afluid injector. The term “distal” refers to a portion of a syringeand/or a plunger farthest away from a fluid injector when a syringeand/or a plunger is oriented for connecting to a fluid injector. Theterm “radial” refers to a direction in a cross-sectional plane normal toa longitudinal axis of a syringe, a plunger, and/or a piston extendingbetween proximal and distal ends. The term “circumferential” refers to adirection around an inner or outer surface of a sidewall of a syringe, aplunger, and/or a piston. The term “axial” refers to a direction along alongitudinal axis of a syringe, a piston, and/or a piston extendingbetween the proximal and distal ends. The term “open” when used to referto a fluid delivery component means that the system is in fluidconnection with an outlet, for example through a nozzle or the open endof a tubing component or catheter. In an open system, fluid flow may beconstrained, for example by forcing a fluid through a small diameterfluid path where flow may be determined by physical parameters of thesystem and the fluid, such as tubing diameter, fluid path constrictions,applied pressure, viscosity, etc. The term “closed” when used to referto a fluid delivery component means that the system is not in fluidconnection with an outlet, for example where fluid flow is stopped by avalve, such as a stopcock, high crack pressure valve, pinch valve, andthe like. As used herein the term “slack” means mechanical slack,including a clearance or lost motion in a mechanism caused by gapsbetween parts, compression of mechanical components under applied load(such as by applied pressure), deflection of mechanical components underapplied load (such as by applied pressure), that results in a delay ofpressurized delivery of a fluid from a fluid injection after applicationof force.

It is to be understood that the disclosure may assume alternativevariations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to thecontrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices andprocesses illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in thefollowing specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of thedisclosure. Hence, specific dimensions and other physicalcharacteristics related to the examples disclosed herein are not to beconsidered as limiting.

Characterizing an impedance of a fluid delivery system to minimize adifference between desired and actual fluid delivery system performancerequires consideration how energy from an energy source is used in ormoves through the system. The energy output or loss from the fluiddelivery system may be in the form of heat losses through frictionalforces or of work done on the fluid delivery system, or inertialeffects. For example, some of the energy carried by the pressurizedfluid as it is delivered under pressure through a catheter is lostthrough resistive, frictional, or dissipative heating of the fluid.Additionally, pressurized delivery of fluid can also increase thepotential energy of the system in terms of an increase in overall volumeof system components or compressive forces on system components, asdiscussed herein. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of pressurized fluidmoving through the fluid delivery system can affect the overallperformance of the fluid delivery system. For example, inertial forcesof moving contrast material and expansion of the containers and tubingassociated with the system may cause a phase lag between movement of thesyringe plunger within the injector syringe and movement of contrastmaterial out of the catheter and into the patient.

Due to high injection pressures, which may be on the order of 1,200 psiin some angiographic procedures, there may be an expansion orcompression of various components of the fluid delivery system, such asthe syringes, tubing connected to the patient, and components of thefluid injector, such that there may be a volume of fluid in the syringeand tubing in excess of the desired quantity selected to be delivered inthe injection procedure. Such increase in the quantity of fluid occursdue to system capacitance. Total system capacitance (also referred to ascompliance or elasticity) represents the amount of fluid (i.e., changein volume, such as excess volume) that is captured in the swelling,compression, and/or deflection of the components of the fluid deliverysystem. In general, capacitance is directly correlative to injectionpressure and inversely correlative to volume of contrast medium andsaline in the syringes. In other words, capacitance increases with anincrease in injection pressure and an increase in volume of fluid in thesyringes. Total system capacitance is inherent to each fluid deliverysystem and depends on a plurality of factors beyond pressure and volumeof fluid remaining in the system, including, without limitation,injector construction, mechanical properties of materials used toconstruct the syringe, plunger, pressure jacket surrounding the syringe,and fluid lines delivering the fluid to the patient, size of thesyringe, plunger, pressure jacket, diameter of tubing or other orificesthrough which the fluid must pass under pressure, presence of valves,such as high crack pressure valves, stopcocks, or pinch valves, andfluid properties, such as temperature, viscosity, and density. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 7A, the inner diameter of a syringefilled with a fluid expands, as shown by the Delta ID, as the pressureapplied to the fluid increases. This change in inner diameter, in part,leads to a compliance volume that may not be delivered during a fluidinjection, leading to injection volume inaccuracies. However, thisanalytical approach shown in FIG. 7A represents only one component ofcompliance volume and may not readily take into account the axialstretching of the reservoir, the compression of the plunger, or thedeflection of the load bearing components of the system. Thereforeaccording to certain embodiments, an empirical approach taking measuredvalues for multiple pressure, volume, and compliance points may be takenand the compliance of the system may be plotted and an equationrepresenting the system compliance may be determined.

FIG. 7B illustrates a fluid injection protocol 700 showing a differencein expected flow profile for a first fluid 710 and a second fluid 720,compared to actual flow profiled 730 as measured by a downstream sensor.The difference between the two curves represents the compliance volumewhich results in volume inaccuracies, for examples per phase volumeinaccuracies, unless the compliance volume is returned at the end of aninjection (for instance step 730 after a specified time) or it iscompensated for according to the embodiments of the methods herein.According to one embodiment, the injector may be programmed to keep arunning tally of the delta between the two curves (positive andnegative) to generate a net difference corresponding to the dynamiccompliance at any given point in time during the injection. This dynamiccompliance may be utilized by the processor or controller during a drivevolume compensation process, for example by overdriving or underdrivingthe distance of travel for the drive member associated with the fluidreservoir by an amount sufficient to compensate for the compliancevolume, thereby delivering a volume substantially equal to an expectedvolume that corresponds to the expected flow profiles 710 and 720.According to another embodiment, the measured or calculated dynamiccompliance information may be used by the processor or controller toadjust the motor speed and movement of the drive member to generate thedesired profiles 710 and 720.

While various approaches exist for characterizing the performance of afluid delivery system and correlating the desired performance withactual performance, in terms of fluid flow rate and volume delivered,these approaches do not address the differences between desired andactual performance due to impedance and/or capacitance of the fluiddelivery system in a comprehensive manner. For example, in some systemsthat include an active control, such as a stopcock or other device tostop fluid flow to a patient or fluidly isolate the patient at the endof a portion of an injection procedure, a volume of medial fluidactually delivered to the patient may be different from the desiredvolume due to errors associated with impedance. In examples consistentwith this disclosure, the volume programmed to be delivered to thepatient may be less than the desired volume because capacitance volumetaken up by the syringes is not delivered, for example, due to it beingisolated by closure of a stopcock or other valve or by stopping theinjection at the programmed volume value that does not incorporate thecapacitance volume.

In some examples of the present disclosure, an improved system andmethod for calibrating the volume of fluid to be delivered to a patientin an injection procedure is disclosed. In examples according to thepresent disclosure, a method of correcting for inaccuracies in a volumeof fluid delivered to a patient due to impedance and/or capacitance isdisclosed. This system and method address sources of error in deliveredfluid volume. In certain embodiments, the present system and methods maybe applied to fluid injectors comprising stopcocks or other shut offfeatures to isolate a pressurized fluid filled syringe from a patientduring an injection protocol.

According to certain embodiment, the present disclosure provides methodsfor correcting a volume of fluid delivered by a fluid injector systemduring an injection procedure using one or more fluid reservoir. Themethods may correct for fluid volume inaccuracies during an injectionprotocol due, at least in part, to lost injection volumes as a resultsof system compliance, such a mechanical slack associated with motor anddrive member components under a force load as a result of pressurizationof a fluid reservoir; deflection of various injector components, drivemembers, and syringe components due to the force load and strain, andcompliance associated with fluid containing components which mayhydraulically swell under the applied forces. As a fluid reservoirdispenses a programmed volume of a medical fluid under pressuresassociated with various injections of imaging contrast agents, saline,and/or other medical fluids, the applied pressures result in at least aportion of the fluid volume of the syringe being converted into acompliance volume that is not accounted for in the programmed volume ofthe injection and therefor may not be injected into the patientresulting in under delivery of the fluid or may result in over deliveryof fluid as the compliance volume is released when the pressure loadforce is released. The various systems and methods described hereinprovide increased fluid delivery accuracies by accounting for thecompliance volume in the form of one of over-driving the distance thatthe drive member travels in the fluid reservoir resulting in delivery ofthe programmed volume and an extra volume of fluid substantially equalto the compliance volume, under-driving the distance that the drivemember travels in the fluid reservoir resulting in delivery of a fluidvolume equal to the programmed volume less the compliance volume,increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the fluid reservoir by a timenecessary to allow delivery of the desired volume, and decreasing thedelivery time of the fluid in the fluid reservoir to avoid over deliveryof the fluid over the desired volume. Medical fluids that may beinjected using the presently disclosed methods include, withoutlimitation, imaging contrast media, such as for CT, CV, MR, or PETcontrast media, saline, or other medical fluids for which accurate fluiddelivery volumes are desired.

The volume associated with the capacitance, compliance, and/or impedanceassociated with a pressurized fluid reservoir may depend on a number offactors, such as inherent system slack, fluid type, fluid viscosity,reservoir configuration, such as diameter, volume, material, and outletparameters, fluid volume in the reservoir, applied pressure load, etc.According to various embodiments, a processor may utilize one or more ofthese factors to determine or predict the system volume compliance of afluid delivery system and the fluid reservoir components.

The method may comprise determining a fluid volume of a first fluid inat least one fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system; determining apressure at which a first programmed volume of the first fluid is to beinjected; determining a system volume compliance according to Equation(1) for at least one of the at least one fluid reservoir, one or morefluid injector mechanical components associate with the at least onefluid reservoir, and one or more tubing system components;

C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1)

predicting a volume compliance factor of fluid in the at least one fluidreservoir according to Equation (2),

VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (2)

and compensating for the volume compliance factor to deliver aprogrammed fluid volume by one of over-driving the distance that thedrive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-drivingthe distance that the drive member travels in the at least one fluidreservoir, increasing a delivery time of the fluid in the at least onefluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the fluid in the atleast one fluid reservoir. Referring to Equation (1), C₁ is the systemvolume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir, A₁ is a positionscalar of the at least one fluid reservoir, V₁ is available volume ofthe at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is a pressure constant of the atleast one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressure of fluid within the at leastone fluid reservoir, and O₁ is the compensation factor of the at leastone fluid reservoir. Referring to Equation (2), VC₁ is the volumecompliance factor of the fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir, PV₁is the programmed volume of the first fluid, and C₁ is the system volumecompliance of the at least one fluid reservoir.

In other embodiments, the fluid injector may be a multi-reservoir fluidinjector comprising two, three, or even more fluid reservoirs configuredfor injecting one or more medical fluids. For example, in certainembodiments, the fluid injector may comprise at least one first fluidreservoir containing the first fluid and at least one second fluidreservoir containing a second fluid. According to these embodiments, themethod may further comprise having the processor correct for the fluidvolume delivery of the second fluid form the second fluid reservoir.According to these injectors, an injection protocol may comprisesequential injection of the first and second fluids and/or may becapable of a dual flow injection protocol where a specified ratio of thefirst and second fluids are injected as a mixture. Medical fluids thatmay be injected using the presently disclosed methods include, withoutlimitation, imaging contrast media, such as for CT, CV, MR, or PETcontrast media, saline, or other medical fluids for which accurate fluiddelivery volumes are desired. The methods may include determining afluid volume of the second fluid in at least one second fluid reservoirof the fluid injector system; determining a second pressure at which aprogrammed volume of the second fluid is to be injected; determining asystem volume compliance according to Equation (1) for the at least onesecond fluid reservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical componentsassociated with the second reservoir, and one or more tubing systemcomponents:

C ₂ =A ₂ ·V ₂ +B ₂ ·P ₂ +O ₂   (1)

where C₂ is the system volume compliance for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, A₂ is a position scalar for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, V₂ is available volume for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, B₂ is a pressure constant for the at least one secondfluid reservoir, P₂ is a pressure of fluid within the at least onesecond fluid reservoir, and O₂ is the compensation factor for the atleast one second fluid reservoir; predicting a volume compliance factorof fluid in the at least one second reservoir according to Equation (2)

VC ₂ =PV ₂ +C ₂   (2)

where VC₂ is the volume compliance factor of the at least one secondfluid reservoir, PV₂ is the programmed volume the at least one secondfluid reservoir, and C₂ is the system volume compliance the at least onesecond fluid reservoir; and compensating for the volume compliancefactor the at least one second fluid reservoir to deliver a programmedfluid volume of the second fluid by one of over-driving the distancethat the drive member travels in the at least one second fluidreservoir, under-driving the distance that the drive member travels inthe at least one second fluid reservoir, increasing a delivery time ofthe fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir, and decreasing thedelivery time of the fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir.

According to other embodiments, the fluid injector may include at leastone first fluid reservoir containing the first fluid, the at least onesecond fluid reservoir containing the second fluid and at least onethird fluid reservoir containing a third fluid, such as illustrated inFIG. 6 . The fluid reservoirs according to the various embodiments ofthe fluid injectors may independently be a syringe, a rolling diaphragmsyringe, a peristaltic pump, and a compressible bag. In specificembodiments, the fluid injector may be configured to have a first fluidreservoir and a second fluid reservoir, wherein at least one of thefirst fluid reservoir and the second fluid reservoir is a syringe. Invarious embodiments, the first fluid reservoir may be a first syringeand the second fluid reservoir may be a second syringe. In embodimentscomprising a third fluid reservoir, the third fluid reservoir may alsobe a syringe. One or more of the syringes according to variousembodiments may be initially empty of any fluid or in other embodiments,one or more of the syringes may be a prefilled syringe.

In embodiments where the fluid injector comprises at least one syringe,the syringe may include a plunger operatively connected to at least onedrive member, such as a piston, of the injector. The drive member may bereciprocally operated by one or more of a linear actuator or a motor.

In other embodiments, the fluid injector may be configured to have afirst fluid reservoir and a second fluid reservoir, wherein at least oneof the first fluid reservoir and the second fluid reservoir is a rollingdiaphragm syringe. In specific embodiments, the first fluid reservoirmay be a first rolling diaphragm syringe and the second fluid reservoirmay be a second rolling diaphragm syringe. In embodiments comprising athird fluid reservoir, the third fluid reservoir may also be a rollingdiaphragm syringe. One or more of the rolling diaphragm syringesaccording to various embodiments may be initially empty of any fluid orin other embodiments, one or more of the rolling diaphragm syringes maybe a prefilled rolling diaphragm syringe.

In embodiments where the fluid injector comprises at least one rollingdiaphragm syringe, the fluid injector may include at least one drivemember, such as a piston, that is configured to releasably engage aproximal end wall of the rolling diaphragm. The drive member may bereciprocally operated by one or more of a linear actuator or a motor todraw in and expel a fluid from the at least one rolling diaphragmsyringe.

In embodiments where the fluid injector comprises at least oneperistaltic pump, the peristaltic pump may include a roller operativelyconnected to a drive member, such as a rotary motor. The drive membermay be rotated by the motor to rotate the roller of the peristaltic pumpto impel the fluid from the fluid reservoir through the fluid path tothe patient.

In embodiments where the fluid injector comprises at least onecompressible bag, the compressible bag may be compressed, for example bya clam shell or other compressing member to expel the fluid containedwithin the compressible bag. In various embodiments, the geometry of thecompressing member may be modulated or controlled to expel more or lessfluid depending on the amount of compliance associated with the bag toachieve accurate volume delivery.

According to various embodiments of the methods described herein mayfurther include the step of determining whether the at least one fluidreservoir contains at least a volume of fluid corresponding to theprogrammed volume plus an amount of fluid equal to the system volumecompliance according to Equation (1). According to these embodiments,the processor may determine whether the fluid reservoir has sufficientfluid volume to deliver the desired volume of the fluid, i.e., a volumeequal to the programmed volume plus the fluid volume associated with thesystem volume compliance, as calculated by Equation (1). For example, ifthe processor determines that there is sufficient fluid volume fordelivery of the desired volume, then the processor may instruct theinjector to proceed with the injection. However, if the processordetermines that there is not sufficient volume to provide the desiredvolume, when accounting for the system volume compliance, the processormay provide an alert to the user to warn that the reservoir does notcontain sufficient fluid. Alternatively, the processor may instruct theinjector in draw in additional fluid into the fluid reservoir so thatsufficient volume is present to accurately provide the desired volume.In other embodiments, the 0 mL position may be determined and may reduceor eliminate the need to have the programmed volume plus the compliancefactor.

According to various embodiments for example where the injector includesfluid reservoirs that may be selectively closed and fluidly isolatedfrom the fluid path and/or other fluid reservoirs during a multi-fluiddelivery process and/or a dual flow fluid delivery process, the systemcompliance may comprise factors associated with phase compliance andstored compliance. As used herein, “phase compliance” means the dynamiccompliance associated with a fluid delivery process during the fluidinjection where the reservoir is in fluid communication with the fluidpath. For example, as an open fluid reservoir is pressurized, compliancein the system builds up and affects the volume of fluid delivered fromthe fluid reservoir during the fluid delivery process. As used herein,“stored compliance” means compliance that is stored in a fluid deliveryprocess after the fluid reservoir is closed and fluidly isolated. Forexample, if a fluid reservoir is pressurized to deliver a first fluid,the fluid reservoir will have a phase compliance which will be convertedto a stored compliance when the fluid reservoir is fluidly isolated, forexample by closing a valve. The stored compliance in the fluidlyisolated fluid reservoir will be reconverted to phase compliance whenthe fluid reservoir is placed in fluid communication with the fluidpath, for example by opening the valve. Alternatively in a dual flowoperation where fluid from a first reservoir and a second fluid from asecond reservoir are being delivered together, that stored compliance inthe first and second fluid reservoirs may individually contribute to thephase compliance of the dual flow fluid mixture, which may also includeaccounting form pressure equalization between the two fluid reservoirsduring the dual flow process.

The processor may utilize Equation (4) when accounting for phasecompliance and stored compliance to determine the target volume delivery(as measured by piston position in a syringe system) in a single phasesystem (i.e., flow of one fluid from a fluid reservoir) as follows:

Target position=staring position−PV+SC−PC   (4)

where Target position is the calculated end position of the drivemember, starting position is the initial position of the drive member,PV is the programmed volume, SC is the stored compliance, and PC is thephase compliance. Alternatively, for a dual flow injection process theprocessor may utilize Equation (5) when accounting for phase complianceand stored compliance to determine the target volume delivery for eachfluid reservoir:

Target position=starting position−(PV·mix percent)+SC−PC   (5)

wherein once a first reservoir finishes the fluid injection, the valveis closed and the flow rate of injection of the fluid from the second,remaining reservoir is increased to equal the desired rate for the dualflow injection.

In various embodiments, the method may include the step of reporting tothe user a value corresponding to the corrected, actual volume beingdelivered to the patient from the fluid reservoir. The corrected volumewould include the programmed volume and the system compliance volume.The processor can inform the user of the fluid delivery amount accordingto an empirical calculation as opposed to an estimate based on drivemember movement. The value may be provided to the user at any timeduring the fluid injection process, and may even be dynamicallydisplayed on a display unit connected to the processor so that the usercan review the delivered fluid volume at any time, for example if theuser pauses the injection process.

According to other embodiment, the present disclosure provides for afluid delivery system capable of performing the various methods of fluiddelivery volume correction described herein. According to the certainembodiments, the fluid delivery system would comprise a fluid injector;at least one first fluid reservoir configured to contain a first fluid;at least one first drive member configured to drive fluid from the atleast one first fluid reservoir; and a controller in operablecommunication with the at least one first drive member. In variousembodiments, the fluid injector may comprise a second fluid reservoirincluding a second drive member in operable communication with theprocessor, and in still other embodiments, may include at least a thirdfluid reservoir including a third drive member in operable communicationwith the processor. The processor may include a controller havingcomputer readable memory that contain instructions to perform thevarious steps of the methods described in the various embodimentsherein, when the instructions are executed by the controller.

Referring to the drawings in which like reference characters refer tolike parts throughout the several views thereof, the present disclosureis generally directed to a fluid injector and a system and method forcorrecting the volume under-delivered to a patient by the fluidinjector. Associated disclosure related to capacitance development andissues associated with fluid injection systems is described in PCTInternational Application No. PCT/US2017/020637, filed 3 Mar., 2017, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference.

With reference to FIG. 1 , a fluid injector 10 (hereinafter referred toas “injector 10”), such as an automated or powered fluid injector, isadapted to interface with and actuate one or more syringes 12(hereinafter referred to as “syringe 12”), which may be filed with afluid F, such as contrast media, saline solution, or any desired medicalfluid. The injector 10 may be used during a medical procedure to injectthe medical fluid into the body of a patient by driving a plunger 14 ofeach syringe 12 with a drive member, such as piston 19 (shown in FIG. 2), such as linear actuator or a piston element. The injector 10 may be amulti-syringe injector having two, three or more syringes, wherein theseveral syringes 12 may be oriented in a side-by-side or otherrelationship and may be separately actuated by respective drivemembers/pistons 16 associated with the injector 10. In examples with twoor more syringes, for example, arranged in a side-by-side or otherrelationship and filled with two different fluids, the injector 10 maybe configured to deliver fluid from one or both of the syringes 12,sequentially or concurrently. According to one embodiment, the fluidinjector 10 may be a dual head injector having two syringes 12 a and 12b, a first syringe 12 a for delivering a contrast media or other medicalfluid and a second syringe 12 b for delivering saline or other medicallyapproved flushing agent to flush the contrast media to the patient. Inother embodiments, the fluid injector 10 may have three syringes 12, afirst and second syringe for delivering one or two different contrastmedia or other medical fluid and a third syringe for delivering salineor other medically approved flushing agent to flush the contrast mediato the patient. According to various embodiments, the fluid injector 10may be configured to deliver the contrast and saline separately (e.g.,delivering a specific volume saline over a specific time followed bydelivering a specific volume of contrast over a specific time, followedby a second volume of saline over a specified time to flush the contrastmedia from the tubing into the patient). According to variousembodiments, the fluid injector 10 may be configured to deliver thecontrast and saline separately or as a mixture (e.g., delivering aspecific volume saline over a specific time followed by delivering aspecific volume of contrast or a specified ratio of contrast and saline(i.e., in a “dual flow” process) over a specific time, followed by asecond volume of saline over a specified time to flush the contrastmedia from the tubing into the patient). A technician may program aspecific injection protocol into the injector (or use a pre-writtenprotocol) to deliver the desired volumes of saline, contrast, specificratios of contrast and saline mixtures, etc., at a desired flow rate,time, and volume for each solution. The fluid injector 10 may have atleast one bulk fluid source (not shown) for filling the syringes 12 withfluid and in certain embodiments, the fluid injector 10 may have aplurality of bulk fluid source, one for each of the plurality ofsyringes, for filling each of the plurality of syringes with the desiredfluid.

A fluid path set 17 may be in fluid communication with each syringe 12to place each syringe in fluid communication with a catheter fordelivering the fluid F from each syringes 12 to a catheter (not shown)inserted into a patient at a vascular access site. In certainembodiments, fluid flow from the one or more syringes 12 may beregulated by a fluid control module (not shown) that operates variousdrive members, valves, stopcocks, and flow regulating structures toregulate the delivery of the saline solution and contrast to the patientbased on user selected injection parameters, such as injection flowrate, duration, total injection volume, and ratio of fluids from thesyringes 12, including specific ratios of each fluid in a dual flowinjection protocol.

With reference to FIG. 2 , the drive member 19, such as a reciprocallydriven piston moved by a motor 31, may be configured to extend into andfrom the respective syringe port 13 through an opening in the front endof the injector housing. In fluid injector embodiments comprising aplurality of syringes, a separate drive member/piston 19 may be providedfor each syringe 12. Each drive member/piston 19 is configured to imparta motive force to at least a portion of the syringe 12, such as theplunger 14 or a distal end of a rolling diaphragm syringe (for example,as described in PCT/US2017/056747; WO 2016/172467; and WO 2015/164783,the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by this reference). Thedrive member or piston 19 may be reciprocally operable viaelectro-mechanical drive components such as a ball screw shaft driven bythe motor 31, a voice coil actuator, a rack-and-pinion gear drive, alinear motor, a linear actuator, and the like. The motor 31 may be anelectric motor.

Examples of suitable front-loading fluid injectors 10 are disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,383,858; 7,553,294; 7,666,169; 9,173,995; 9,199,033;and 9,474,857; and in PCT Application Publication No. WO 2016/191485 andWO 2016/112163, the disclosures of which are incorporated by referencein their entirety.

Having described the general structure and function of specificembodiments of the fluid injector 10, an embodiment of syringe 12configured for use with the injector 10 will now be described withreference to FIG. 2 . The syringe 12 generally has a cylindrical syringebarrel 18 formed from glass, metal, or a suitable medical-grade plastic,desirably a clear or substantially translucent plastic material. Thematerial of the syringe 12 is desirably selected to meet the requiredtensile and planar stress requirements, water vapor transmission, andchemical/biological compatibility. The barrel 18 has a proximal end 20and a distal end 24, with a sidewall 119 extending therebetween along alength of a longitudinal axis 15 extending through a center of thebarrel 18. In some examples, the distal end 24 may have a conical shapethat narrows in a distal direction from the cylindrical barrel 18. Anozzle 22 extends from the distal end 24. The barrel 18 has an outersurface 21 and an inner surface 23 with an interior volume 25 configuredfor receiving the fluid therein. The proximal end 20 of the barrel 18may be sealed with the plunger 14 that is reciprocally movable throughthe barrel 18 by reciprocal movement of the corresponding piston 19 ordrive member. The plunger 14 forms a liquid-tight seal against the innersurface 23 of the barrel 18 as the plunger 14 is advanced moved throughthe barrel 18.

In some examples, the proximal end 20 of the syringe 12 can be sized andadapted for being removably inserted in a syringe port 13 of theinjector 10 (shown in FIG. 1 ). In some examples, the proximal end 20 ofthe syringe 12 defines an insertion section 30 that is configured to beremovably inserted into the syringe port 13 of the injector 10 while theremaining portion of the syringe 12 remains outside of the syringe port13.

In some examples, such as shown in FIG. 3 , the injector 10 may beconfigured for receiving and retaining a pressure jacket 32 within eachsyringe port 13 of the injector 10. While FIGS. 1 and 3 illustrate fluidinjectors 10 with two syringe ports 13, which for the injector 10 shownin FIG. 3 each having a corresponding pressure jacket 32, other examplesof the fluid injector 10 may include a single syringe port 13 andoptionally, a corresponding pressure jacket 32 or more than two syringeports 13 with an optional corresponding number of pressure jackets 32.In embodiments comprising pressure jackets, each pressure jacket 32 maybe configured to receive a syringe, such as a syringe for anangiographic (CV) procedure, or a rolling diaphragm syringe 34 (suitableexamples of which are described in described in PCT/US2017/056747; WO2016/172467; and WO 2015/164783). A fluid path set, similar to the fluidpath set 17 shown in FIG. 1 , may be fluidly connected with a dischargeend of each rolling diaphragm syringe 34 for delivering fluid from thesyringes 34 through tubing connected to a catheter, needle, or otherfluid delivery connection (not shown) inserted into a patient at avascular access site. According to various embodiments, the syringe 12or 34 may be a pre-filled syringe, i.e., the syringe may be prefilledwith a medical fluid, such as a contrast agent or saline, when providedby the syringe manufacturer. According to certain embodiments, thepre-filled syringe may be required to be spiked or otherwise puncturedat the discharge end prior to an injection procedure to allow fluid tobe expelled from the syringe into a fluid line to the patient, asdescribed herein.

With reference to FIG. 4 , the rolling diaphragm syringe 34 generallyincludes a hollow body 36 defining an interior volume 38. The body 36has a forward or distal end 40, a rearward or proximal end 42, and aflexible sidewall 44 extending therebetween. The proximal end 42 may beconfigured to act as piston to pressurize the syringe interior to drawin or expel fluid therefrom, as described herein. The sidewall 44 of therolling diaphragm syringe 34 defines a soft, pliable or flexible, yetself-supporting body that is configured to roll upon itself, as a“rolling diaphragm”, under the action of a drive member or piston of thefluid injector 10. The drive member/piston 19 may be configured toreleasably engage a drive member engagement portion 52 at the proximalend 42 of the rolling diaphragm syringe 34 (examples of which aredescribed in PCT/US2017/056747). In operation, the sidewall 44 isconfigured to roll such that its outer surface is folded and inverted ina radially inward direction as the drive member/piston 19 moves theproximal end 42 in a distal direction and unrolled and unfolded in theopposite manner in a radially outward direction as the drivemember/piston 19 retract the proximal end 42 in a proximal direction.

With continued reference to FIG. 4 , the rearward or proximal portion ofthe sidewall 44 connects to a closed end wall 46, and a forward ordistal portion of the sidewall 44 defines a discharge neck 48 oppositethe closed end wall 46. The closed end wall 46 may have a concave shapeto facilitate the initiation of the inversion or rolling of the sidewall44, enhance mechanical strength of the closed end wall 46, and/or toprovide a receiving pocket to receive a distal end of drivemember/piston 19. For example, the closed end wall 46 may define areceiving end pocket for interfacing directly with a similarly-shapeddistal end of the drive member/piston 19. In some examples, at least aportion of the drive member/piston 19 may be shaped to substantiallymatch the shape of the closed end wall 46 or, alternatively, pressurefrom the drive member/piston 19 as it is moved distally may conform theend wall 46 to substantially match the shape of at least a portion ofthe drive member/piston 19.

The end wall 46 may have a central portion 50 having a substantiallydome-shaped structure and a drive member engagement portion 52 extendingproximally from the central portion 50. The drive member engagementportion 52 is configured for releasably interacting with a correspondingengagement mechanism on the drive member/piston 19 of the fluid injector10, for example as the drive member/piston is retracted. The rollingdiaphragm syringe 34 may be made of any suitable medical-grade plasticor polymeric material, desirably a clear or substantially translucentplastic material. The material of the rolling diaphragm syringe 34 isdesirably selected to meet the required tensile and planar stressrequirements, water vapor transmission, and chemical/biologicalcompatibility.

With reference to FIG. 5 , a fluid injector 10 is shown in accordancewith another example of the present disclosure. The injector 10 has ahousing 54 that encloses various mechanical drive components, electricaland power components necessary to drive the mechanical drive components,and control components, such as electronic memory and electronic controldevices used to control operation of reciprocally movable pistons (notshown). The fluid injector 10 further has a multi-patient disposablesystem (MUDS) 56 that is removably connectable with the fluid injector10. The MUDS 56 has one or more syringes or pumps 58. In some aspects,the number of syringes 58 corresponds to the number of pistons on thefluid injector 10. In some examples, such as shown in FIG. 6 , the MUDS56 has three syringes 58 a-58 c in a side-by-side arrangement. Eachsyringe 58 a-58 c has a bulk fluid connector 60 for connecting to arespective bulk fluid source (not shown) via a MUDS fluid path 62. TheMUDS fluid path 62 may be formed as a flexible tube with a spike elementat its terminal end that connects to the bulk fluid connector 60.Injector 10 and the corresponding MUDS 56 as illustrated in FIG. 5 aredescribed in detail in WO 2016/112163, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by this reference.

The MUDS 56 may comprise one or more syringes or pumps 58 a-58 c. Insome aspects, the number of syringes 58 corresponds to the number ofdrive members/pistons on the fluid injector 10. In some examples, suchas shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 , the MUDS 56 has three syringes 58 a-58 carranged in a side-by-side arrangement. Each syringe 58 a-58 c has abulk fluid connector 60 for connecting to a respective bulk fluid source(not shown) via a MUDS fluid path 62. The MUDS fluid path 62 may beformed as a flexible tube that connects to the bulk fluid connector 60having a spike element at its terminal end.

With reference to FIG. 6 , the MUDS 56 has a frame 64 for supporting theone or more syringes 58 a-58 c. The syringes 58 a-58 c may be removablyor non-removably connected to the frame 64. Each syringe 58 a-58 c hasan elongated, substantially cylindrical syringe body. Each syringe 58a-58 c has a filling port 66 in fluid communication with the MUDS fluidpath 62 for filling the syringe 58 a-58 c with fluid from a bulk fluidsource. Each syringe 58 a-58 c further has a discharge outlet or conduit68 at the terminal portion of its distal end. The discharge outlet 68 ofeach syringe 58 a-58 c is in fluid communication with a manifold 70. Avalve 72 is associated with each discharge outlet 68 and is operablebetween a filling position, where the filling port 66 is in fluidcommunication with the syringe interior while the discharge outlet 68 isin fluid isolation from the syringe interior, and a delivery position,where the discharge outlet 68 is in fluid communication with the syringeinterior while the filling port 66 is in fluid isolation from thesyringe interior. The manifold 70 has a fluid pathway that is in fluidcommunication with each syringe 58 a-58 c and with a fluid outlet line74 in fluid communication with a port 76 configured for connecting to asingle use fluid path element (not shown) for delivering fluid to thepatient.

In various embodiments, for fluid injector 10, for example any of thefluid injectors shown in FIGS. 1, 3, and 5 , the motor 31 (FIG. 2 )provides the motive force to reciprocally drive the drive member/piston19 in a distal direction and discharges fluid within the syringes 12, 34or MUDS 56. The motor 31 may have drive components, such as gears andshafts, that are operatively connected to the drive member/piston 19 toreciprocally move the drive member/piston 19. Each motor 31 must becalibrated to correlate its operating characteristics, such as inputcurrent or output torque, to a flow rate or pressure and tolerancesassociated therewith. As described herein, calibration may be desirableto compensate for any variations or out of specification behavior fromany of the different components of the fluid injectors 10, such as anyvariations in motor performance characteristics, particularly in fluidinjectors with two or more syringes driven by two or more motors. Forexample, conversion of motor input torque for one motor 31 to aninjector output pressure may be different for another motor 31. Thisvariation may be further compounded by variations in tolerances of thedrivetrain of the fluid injector 10. The accuracy of flow rate orpressure in a fluid injector 10 is directly correlative to a system andmethod used to calibrate the motor 31.

According to one example of the present disclosure, the fluid injector10 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1-6 may be configured toperform a multi-phase fluid injection which includes an injection of afirst fluid F1 during a first phase, followed by an injection of asecond fluid F2 during a second phase. During the first phase, the firstfluid F1 is injected from at least a first syringe, for example thesyringe 12 a of FIG. 1 or one of the syringes 58 b and/or 58 c of FIGS.5-6 . During the second phase, the second fluid F2 is injected from atleast a second syringe, for example the syringe 12 b of FIG. 1 orsyringe 58 a of FIGS. 5-6 . Hereinafter, the first and second syringeswill be discussed with reference to FIGS. 5-6 , and will thus bereferred to as the first syringe 58 b and the second syringe 58 a.However, it is to be understood that the systems and methods describedherein are equally applicable to any of the syringes 12 a-12 b of FIG. 1, an injector with two or more rolling diaphragm syringes 34 asillustrated in in FIGS. 3-4 , or any other set of least two syringes ina fluid injection system.

The first fluid F1 of the first syringe 58 b and the second fluid F2 ofthe second syringe 58 a may be different fluids, such as medical fluidshaving different properties, such as different viscosities.Alternatively the first fluid F1 and the second fluid F2 may be the samefluid, for example medical fluid but at different concentrations ortemperatures, or the same fluid being delivered at a different flowrate. For example, the first and second fluids F1, F2 may have one ormore of a different viscosity, temperature, and/or density. In oneexample of the present disclosure, the first fluid F1 may be contrastmedia, as described herein, having a first viscosity and the secondfluid F2 may be saline having a second viscosity which is typicallylower than the first viscosity. In certain embodiments, the fluidinjector may have a third syringe 58 c, which may contain a third fluidF3 that may be the same or different that the first fluid F1 and secondfluid F2. For example, F3 may be a contrast media, which may be the sameas first fluid F1 or F3 may be a different contrast agent than F1, or F3may be the same contrast type as F1 but at a different concentrationthan F1. During the first phase of the multi-phase injection, the firstfluid F1, i.e. contrast, may be injected from the first syringe 58 b ata first predetermined flow rate programmed into the injector 10.Delivery of the first fluid F1 at the first predetermined flow rate isachieved by applying a pressure to the first fluid F1 in the firstsyringe 58 b, such as by driving the plunger of the first syringe 58 bwith the piston 19, where the necessary applied pressure to achieve thedesired first predetermined flow rate is a function of the firstviscosity of the first fluid F1. Because of the generally higherviscosity of the contrast of the first fluid F1, higher appliedpressures are generally required to achieve a predetermined flow ratecompared to the necessary applied pressure to achieve the same flow ratefor a fluid with a lower viscosity, such as saline. Following the firstphase of the multi-phase injection, the second phase includes injectionof the second fluid F2, i.e. saline, from the second syringe 58 a. Thesecond predetermined flow rate of the second fluid F2 may be the sameas, greater than, or lower than the first predetermined flow rate of thefirst fluid F1. In fluid injections where the first and secondpredetermined flow rates are targeted to be the same, due to thedifferences between the first viscosity of the first fluid F1 and thesecond viscosity of the second fluid F2, the pressure required todeliver the second fluid F2 may differ from the pressure required todeliver the first fluid F1. In the present example, the pressure appliedto the first fluid F1, i.e. contrast media, is generally higher than thepressure applied to the second fluid F2, i.e. saline, in order to obtainthe same flow rate. In other examples, the second predetermined flowrate of the second fluid F2 may be different than the firstpredetermined flow rate of the first fluid F1, yet the pressuresnecessary to achieve the predetermined flow rates of the first fluid F1and the second fluid F2 may still be different.

FIGS. 8A-8D are graphs depicting percentage of desired volume deliveredas a function of pressure in an exemplary injections system having asingle container, wherein the fluid injector has active control, andwherein impedance correction is not applied. It is to be understood,however, that this disclosure may relate to fluid injectors havingmultiple fluid containers.

With further reference to FIGS. 8A-8D, a volume of medical fluidintended to be injected into a patient may have an accepted range ofuncertainty, or specification limit (i.e., a range of volume deliveredvalues that are acceptable, as indicated by dashed lines in each ofFIGS. 8A-8D). Each of FIGS. 8A-8D shows an upper specification limitpercentage and a lower specification limit percentage for acceptabletolerance. As shown in FIGS. 8A-8D, embodiments of the injection systemwith active control but without impedance and/or capacitance correctionoften inject volumes of fluid that are below the lower specificationlimit for a given injection protocol. This error becomes more pronouncedas pressure increases (pressure shown on x-axis), and/or as the volumeof fluid delivered from the syringe decreases. Data points are connectedin the graphs and fitted to curves. It is to be understood that thevolume inaccuracy discussed herein — i.e., the under-delivery of fluiddue to impendence and/or capacitance characteristics of the fluidinjector and/or fluid — is a condition generally associated with“closed” systems or systems with active control, such as those discussedwith respect to FIGS. 5 and 6 . Thus, the correction discussed herein,an example of which is discussed in connection to FIGS. 9 and 10A-10D,is particularly applicable to such injector systems. Other injectors,such as those shown in FIGS. 1-4 , may also utilize the methodsdescribed herein, for example when a stopcock, pinch valve, and/or highpressure crack valve are incorporated into the injection system, such asin the tubing set. Additionally, in a system without active control, ifit is not desired that the volume due to capacitance leak out or beinjected into a patient, the methods described herein may be applied toover-drive the compliance volume and immediately pull back theequivalent compliance volume position of the piston at the end of aninjection phase, after the reservoir is fluidly isolated from the fluidpath.

FIG. 9 shows a three-dimensional graph showing a volume of undeliveredfluid as a function of pressure and injection volume remaining in acontainer, such as a syringe. As shown for embodiments illustrated inFIG. 9 , the data points determined for under-delivery of fluid at a setpressure and set remaining volume in the container are plotted on athree-dimensional graph, and a surface is mapped according to thesedata. By mapping the under-delivered volume of the system and fitting toa 3D surface, an equation can be derived which can predict volumeinaccuracy based on reservoir volume and pressure. It should be notedthat other systems may result in other 3D surface curves forunder-delivered volume as a factor of injection volume remaining andpressure, and alternative surface equations may be determined toestablish the correlation between the three variables, so that accuratefluid delivery protocols for accounting for impedance and/or capacitanceproperties of the system may be developed.

With further reference to FIG. 9 , the impedance and capacitanceproperties of an exemplary fluid injector result in an under-deliveryaccording to the following Equation (3):

z ⁻¹ =c·y ^(0.5) +b/x ^(0.5) +a   (3)

wherein z is the system volume compliance (C), such as over- orunder-delivered volume (which may be measured in any appropriate volumeunit such as in milliliters (“mL”)); y the available volume in the atleast one fluid reservoir at the time of injection (V₁), x is thepressure of the fluid with the at least one fluid reservoir (P₁) (whichmay be measured in any appropriate pressure unit, such as in pounds persquare inch (“psi”) or kilopascals (kPA)), c is the position scalar (A),b is the pressure constant (B), and a is the compensation factor (O),which may be constants for the particular surface. When theunder-delivered volume of fluid is determined thusly, the fluid to beinjected into a patient may be corrected for and increased by theappropriate amount to compensate for the volume lost due to capacitanceand impedance of the fluid injector and/or fluid. The fluid injector canover-drive the piston by the distance calculated to deliver thepredicted volume that is under-delivered (i.e., z) to ensure an accurateinjection dose of the fluid to the patient. The value “z” may also bereferred to as a “correction volume.”

The values of the coefficients for Equation (3) may have values that areappropriate to fit the surface curve for the observed injectionparameters. In certain embodiment, constant c may have a value rangingfrom −0.01 to −0.025, b may have a value ranging from 8.00 to 12.00, anda may have a value ranging from 0.050 to 0.150, such that the calculatedcompliance values may range from greater than 0 mL to 20 mL, for examplefrom 3 mL to 10 mL. In other embodiments, a may have a value rangingfrom 0.112 to 0.115, b may have a value ranging from 10.35 to 10.45, andc may have a value ranging from −0.01465 to −0.01495, such that thecalculated compliance values may range from greater than 0 mL to 20 mL,for example from 3 mL to 10 mL. For example, with further reference toFIG. 9 , coefficients according to one embodiment may have valuesc=−0.014863432, b=10.39086, and a=0.11422056 are determined as bestfitting the surface curve illustrated in FIG. 9 . It is to beunderstood, however that the values of coefficients a, b, and c dependon the impedance and/or capacitance characteristics for a particularinjector system, syringe configuration, or medical fluid properties,such as injector component slack (for example in motor components, andinterfaces between injector components), capacitance swelling of thesyringes, capacitance swelling of the tubing set, fluid characteristics(such as temperature, concentration and/or viscosity), etcetera. Thus,examples of three-dimensional surfaces as in FIG. 9 may vary by fluidinjector, disposable syringes and fluid path sets used in the fluidinjector, and injected fluid.

With reference to FIGS. 5 and 9 , the determination of a correctionvolume according to Equation (1) may be performed at any time, forexample at the beginning of each day or prior to the first use of amulti-use syringe set (such as a MUDS as described in relation to FIG. 5) for each fluid injector used, or performed on each syringe prior to,or during, each injection procedure, or could be a factory defaultsetting stored once and used for every injection throughout the life ofthat system. The method according to the present disclosure may bestored on memory on the computing device 300, and applied automaticallyby the controller of the computing device, for example when a newmulti-use syringe set is installed, and/or with user input.

Applying Equation (1) as in FIG. 9 to the exemplary multi-use syringeset for a fluid injector, exemplary steps for practicing an exampleconsistent with above disclosure are as follows. Ensure there issufficient volume in the syringe for the injection protocol, i.e., theamount of fluid to be injected into a patient for a protocol plus extravolume of fluid to compensate for under delivered volume due toimpedance and/or capacitance within the system. This can conservativelybe accomplished by adding a sufficient excess of fluid, such as 5 to 10mL excess in one non-limiting example for a 200 mL syringe in a CTcontrast/saline injection protocol, or approximately 7 mL (or othervolume of fluid, such as 11 mL) to the programmed volume of fluid to beloaded into the syringe according to the example of Equation (1) withthe coefficients and parameters described above. This will ensure thatthe syringe contains sufficient fluid to compensate for under-deliveryby allowing over-drive of the piston to deliver the calculatedunder-delivered volume to the patient after the injector delivers thenon-corrected volume. In certain embodiments, it may also be necessaryto load even further fluid into the syringe to compensate for fluidvolume used in a priming/purging operation, so that after prime/purge,sufficient excess fluid remains over the non-corrected volume to allowfor under-delivery compensation. In a situation where the syringe doesnot contain a sufficient volume including non-corrected volume andunder-delivery compensation volume, the injector may alert thetechnician that there is insufficient volume to deliver the correctamount of fluid. An example of this may be to warn the user ofinsufficient volume if they program a 100 mL injection and there is lessthan 107 mL in the syringe after purging. For injections of 200 mL, theinjector would fill the syringe up to 215 mL volume and purge forward to207 mL to have sufficient excess fluid available to compensate forunder-delivery. Alternatively, it is known that the under-deliveredvolume is minimized when only small volumes of fluid are to be injectedusing larger volume syringes. Thus, when the piston is near the distalend of the syringe, only about 3 mL of excess volume needs to beaccessible to compensate for under-delivery. In certain examples, thismay be further reduced by setting the zero position to be at the recoilzero as described herein, and driving the piston past that zero to themaximum pressure allowed. The processor may be programmed to account forvarious scenarios when applying the methods of the present disclosure tominimize fluid waste and account for accurate delivery of fluid to thepatient.

FIGS. 10A-10D are graphs depicting percentage of desired volumedelivered as a function of pressure in an exemplary injection systemdiscussed with respect to FIGS. 8A-8D and 9 , wherein the fluid injectorhas active control, and wherein a correction volume according to thepresent disclosure has been calculated and applied by the injectorprocessor according to methods described herein. As may be seen in FIGS.10A-10D, the percentage of desired volume is more consistent as afunction of pressure, and falls within the Specification Limitindicating delivery of accurate volumes of fluid as required by theinjection protocol. By correcting for the volume inaccuracy componentsof the system, the accuracy of the volume delivered should consistentlyfall within Specification Limits.

FIG. 11 includes a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary methodfor correcting a fluid volume of fluid for an injection protocolaccording to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Step 210comprises determining a volume of a fluid to be delivered by at leastone syringe of the fluid injector. Step 220 comprises determining apressure at which the volume of fluid is to be injected. Step 230comprises calculating an under-delivered volume of fluid according to anequation determined by the surface curve associated with a particularpressure and injection volume for a syringe system, such as Equation(3):

z ⁻¹ =c·y ^(0.5) +b/x ^(0.5) +a   (3)

wherein z is the system volume compliance (C), such as over- orunder-delivered volume (which may be measured in any appropriate volumeunit such as in milliliters (“mL”)); y the available volume in the atleast one fluid reservoir at the time of injection (V₁), x is thepressure of the fluid with the at least one fluid reservoir (P₁) (whichmay be measured in any appropriate pressure unit, such as in pounds persquare inch (“psi”)), c is the position scalar (A), b is the pressureconstant (B), and a is the compensation factor (O), which may beconstants for the particular surface based on or determined by theimpedance characteristics of the fluid injector. Step 240 comprisesover-driving a piston of the fluid injector by an amount correspondingto z to deliver an accurate amount of fluid to a patient.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary method forcorrecting a fluid volume of fluid for an injection protocol accordingto certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The user programs thedesired volume(s) of the fluid(s) to be delivered from a fluid reservoir1210, such as a syringe, during an injection procedure. The processor ofthe fluid injection system then calculates the initial final drivemember position, such as a piston, (X2) 1220 based on the programmed orcurrent volume of the fluid reservoir and the current position of thedrive member (X1), and the fluid injector begins the fluid injectionprocedure 1230. The system then measures the pressure of the fluid andthe volume of fluid remaining in the reservoir 1240, either real-timeduring the injection or the piston reaches the initial final drivemember position (X2). Based on the system characteristics and thepressure and volume measurements, the system calculates the complianceof the system 1250 and then updates the final drive member position fromthe initial final drive member position X2 to a compliance correctedfinal drive member position X2′ 1260. Based on the compliance correctedposition X2′, the system then determines whether the injection iscomplete 1290, i.e., is the drive member at the final compliancecorrected position X2′. If the system determines that the drive memberis not at the final compliance corrected position X2′, then the systemmay move back and repeat steps 1240, 1250, 1260, and 1290, repeatedly ifnecessary, until the system determines that the injection is completeand the drive member is at the final compliance corrected position X2′.If the system determines that the drive member is at the finalcompliance corrected position X2′, then the system closes the valve(e.g., a stopcock) 1270. Closing the stopcock in step 1270 traps thecompliance of the fluid in the reservoir as stored compliance. Thesystem may optionally relieve the stored or trapped compliance or,alternatively continue to the next phase of a multiphase injectionprotocol 1280. If the later occurs, when the fluid from the reservoirwill contain the stored compliance and the next injection phase thatutilizes that reservoir will account for the compliance in thecalculation of the fluid volume (i.e., the system may not have to adjustthe distance that the drive member moves at the final drive memberposition X2, since the compliance has already been accounted for by thestored compliance.

EXAMPLE 1

To determine the compliance of the system empirically, the followingtest setup was used. A multi-use disposable system (MUDS) 56 accordingto FIG. 6 was inserted into the injector system 10 shown in FIG. 5 witha pressure transducer attached to each reservoir to capture real timepressure data. Each reservoir was filled to a set volume. An outletfluid line was connected to port 76 was then attached to the MUDS 56with a stopcock valve 72 closed. The system was then pressurized to apredetermined pressure by advancing the piston of the specifiedreservoir 58 a-58 c. Once the desired pressure was reached, the pistonwas stopped. The stopcock 72 was then opened and the displaced lab waterwas measured on an analytical balance. Using density and mass, thevolume of this displaced fluid was calculated. This displaced fluidvolume was recorded as the compliance volume for that specificcombination of plunger position and pressure. Data points were obtainedat fill volumes from 200 mL to 10 mL, and pressures achieved at each ofthose positions ranging from 25 psi to 300 psi. This data then was usedto create a surface map shown in FIG. 9 of the compliance of thatreservoir in the system. Multiple MUDS sets 56 were used along with allthree reservoir positions and multiple injector systems to generate arobust characterization of system compliance for injector 10. Thissurface plot represents an equation fit to the data, where the equationhas inputs of plunger position and pressure, with an output ofcompliance volume. Two feedback loops, piston position and pressure,were included in this calculation of compliance, meaning that the systemwas able to use this relationship to calculate compliance at any pointwithin the expected use conditions.

The following is an illustrative example of the method according to thepresent disclosure with reference to FIG. 9 . Step A is initiating aninjection of 100 mL at 5 mL/s which initially has a 20 second duration.Step B is to measure the pressure of the injection which reaches asteady state of 200 psi. Step C is to apply Equation (3) to the aboveparameters in Steps A and B, which predicts non-corrected volumedelivered to be 4.05 mL less than the programmed volume. Step D is toadjust the final position of the injection to occur after delivery of104.05 mL of fluid to the patent, for example by setting the finalposition at 104.05 mL less than the volume position at the start of theinjection. (If the starting fill position is 107 mL, then the finalposition of the injector after completion of the procedure should be2.95 mL). Step E is to deliver the corrected-for volume of fluid to thepatient and close the stopcock after the final position is reached,isolating the fluid in the reservoir. Step E relieves the pressuregenerated by the trapped compliance of 4.05 mL to return the syringe to0 psi and its nominal volume state. In certain embodiment, relieving thetrapped compliance pressure may not be necessary when conducting asubsequent phase injection and may be taken into account in thecompliance value for the subsequent phase.

Although the disclosure has been described in detail for the purpose ofillustration based on what is currently considered to be the mostpractical and preferred examples, it is to be understood that suchdetail is solely for that purpose and that the disclosure is not limitedto the disclosed examples, but, on the contrary, is intended to covermodifications and equivalent arrangements. For example, it is to beunderstood that the present disclosure contemplates that, to the extentpossible, one or more features of any example can be combined with oneor more features of any other example.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for correcting a volume of fluid delivered by a fluid injector system during an injection procedure, the method comprising: determining a fluid volume of a first fluid in at least one fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system; determining a pressure at which a first programmed volume of the first fluid is to be injected; calculating a first system volume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector system, and one or more tubing system components based on: the volume of the first fluid, the pressure of the first fluid, and one or more correction factors based on capacitance characteristics of the at least one fluid reservoir and one or more tubing system components, fluid properties of the first fluid, and a component slack of the one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector system; calculating a first volume compliance factor of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir based on the first programmed volume of the first fluid and the calculated first system volume compliance; and compensating for the first volume compliance factor to deliver the first programmed volume by one of: over-driving a distance that a first drive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-driving the distance that the first drive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, increasing a delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one fluid reservoir comprises at least one first fluid reservoir containing the first fluid and at least one second fluid reservoir containing a second fluid, wherein the method further comprises: determining a fluid volume of the second fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir of the fluid injector system; determining a second pressure at which a second programmed volume of the second fluid is to be injected; calculating a second system volume compliance of the at least one second fluid reservoir, the one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector system, and the one or more tubing system components based on: the volume of the second fluid, the pressure of the second fluid, and one or more correction factors based on capacitance characteristics of the at least one second reservoir and one or more tubing system components, fluid properties of the second fluid, and the component slack of the one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector system; calculating a second volume compliance factor of the second fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir based on the second programmed volume of the second fluid and the calculated second system volume compliance; and compensating for the second volume compliance factor to deliver the second programmed volume by one of: over-driving a distance that a second drive member travels in the at least one second fluid reservoir, under-driving the distance that the second drive member travels in the at least one second fluid reservoir, increasing a delivery time of the second fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the second fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir.
 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of determining whether the at least one fluid reservoir contains at least a volume of the first fluid corresponding to the programmed volume plus an amount of the first fluid equal to the calculated system volume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least one first fluid reservoir and the at least one second fluid reservoir are independently selected from a group consisting of a syringe, a rolling diaphragm syringe, a peristaltic pump, and a compressible bag.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein at least one of the at least one first fluid reservoir and the at least one second fluid reservoir is a syringe.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the syringe comprises a plunger operatively connected to a piston selected from a linear actuated piston and a motor driven piston.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein at least one of the at least one first fluid reservoir and the at least one second fluid reservoir is a rolling diaphragm syringe.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein a proximal end of the rolling diaphragm syringe is operatively connected to a piston selected from a linear actuated piston and a motor driven piston.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the first system volume compliance is calculated according to Equation (1): C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1) where C₁ is the first system volume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir, A₁ is a position scalar of the at least one fluid reservoir, V₁ is available volume of the at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is a pressure constant of the at least one fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressure of fluid within the at least one fluid reservoir, and O₁ is the compensation factor of the at least one fluid reservoir.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the second system volume compliance is calculated according to Equation (2): C ₂ =A ₂ ·V ₂ +B ₂ ·P ₂ +O ₂   (2) where C₂ is the second system volume compliance of the at least one second fluid reservoir, A₂ is a position scalar of the at least one second fluid reservoir, V₂ is available volume of the at least one second fluid reservoir, B₂ is a pressure constant of the at least one second fluid reservoir, P₂ is a pressure of fluid within the at least one second fluid reservoir, and O₂ is the compensation factor of the at least one second fluid reservoir.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the first volume compliance factor is calculated according to Equation (3): VC ₁ =PV ₁ +C ₁   (3) where VC₁ is the first volume compliance factor of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir, PV₁ is the programmed volume of the first fluid, and C₁ is the first system volume compliance of the at least one fluid reservoir; and wherein the second volume compliance factor is calculated according to Equation (4): VC ₂ =PV ₂ +C ₂   (4) where VC₂ is the second volume compliance factor of the second fluid in the at least one second fluid reservoir, PV₂ is the programmed volume of the second fluid, and C₂ is the second system volume compliance of the at least one second fluid reservoir.
 32. The method of claim 21, wherein compensating for the first volume compliance factor the at least one fluid reservoir comprises: over-driving the distance that the first drive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir; and injecting an additional volume of the first fluid equal to the calculated first volume compliance factor.
 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising closing a valve to fluidly isolate the at least one fluid reservoir from the patient after injecting the additional volume of the first fluid.
 34. The method of claim 21, wherein compensating for the second volume compliance factor the at least one second fluid reservoir comprises: over-driving the distance that the second drive member travels in the at least one second fluid reservoir; and injecting an additional volume of the second fluid equal to the calculated second volume compliance factor.
 35. The method of claim 34, further comprising closing a valve to fluidly isolate the at least one second fluid reservoir from the patient after injecting the additional volume of the second fluid.
 36. The method of claim 21, further comprising reporting to a user a value corresponding to corrected volume of the first fluid being delivered to a patient from the at least one fluid reservoir, wherein the corrected volume accounts for the first programmed volume and the first system volume compliance.
 37. A fluid delivery system comprising: a fluid injector; at least one first fluid reservoir configured to contain a first fluid; at least one first drive member configured to drive the first fluid from the at least one first fluid reservoir; and a controller in operable communication with the at least one first drive member, wherein the controller comprises computer readable memory containing instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to: determine a fluid volume of the first fluid in at least one first fluid reservoir; determine a pressure at which a first programmed volume of the first fluid is to be injected; calculate a first system volume compliance of the at least one first fluid reservoir, one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector, and one or more tubing system components based on: the volume of the first fluid, the pressure of the first fluid, and one or more correction factors based on capacitance characteristics of the at least one first fluid reservoir and one or more tubing system components, fluid properties of the first fluid, and a component slack of the one or more fluid injector mechanical components associated with the fluid injector; calculate a first volume compliance factor of the first fluid in the at least one first fluid reservoir based on the first programmed volume of the first fluid and the calculated first system volume compliance; and compensate for the first volume compliance factor to deliver the first programmed volume by one of: over-driving a distance that the at least one first drive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, under-driving the distance that the at least one first drive member travels in the at least one fluid reservoir, increasing a delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir, and decreasing the delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one fluid reservoir.
 38. The fluid delivery system of claim 37, wherein the controller is configured to calculate the first system volume compliance volume according to Equation (1): C ₁ =A ₁ ·V ₁ +B ₁ ·P ₁ +O ₁   (1) where C₁ is the first system volume compliance of the at least one first fluid reservoir, A₁ is a position scalar of the at least one first fluid reservoir, V₁ is available volume of the at least one fluid reservoir, B₁ is a pressure constant of the at least one first fluid reservoir, P₁ is a pressure of fluid within the at least one first fluid reservoir, and O₁ is the compensation factor of the at least one first fluid reservoir.
 39. The fluid delivery system of claim 37, wherein the computer readable memory containing further instructions that, when executed by the controller, causes the controller to compensate for the first volume compliance factor by: over-driving the distance that the at least one first drive member travels in the at least one first fluid reservoir; and injecting an additional volume of the first fluid equal to the calculated first volume compliance factor.
 40. The fluid delivery system of claim 37, wherein the computer readable memory containing further instructions that, when executed by the controller, causes the controller to compensate for the first volume compliance factor by: increasing the delivery time of the first fluid in the at least one first fluid reservoir by an amount sufficient to deliver an additional volume of the first fluid equal to the calculated first volume compliance factor. 